RF signals historically are measured using spectrum analyzers, at least that was before oscilloscopes offered sufficient bandwidth for those measurements. With oscilloscope bandwidths over 100 GHz, RF ...

Signal modulation is one of the most basic and important concepts in the RF industry. It consists of using the variation of one or more parameters of a carrier signal to transmit information, ...

Diverse well describes the myriad digital modulation schemes used in modern voice and data communications. The alphabet soup of terminology extends well beyond the familiar QAM and GMSK fundamentals ...

Modern radio frequency (RF) components introduce many challenges to outsourced semiconductor assembly and test (OSAT) suppliers whose objective is to ensure products are assembled and tested to meet ...

The many technical factors that must be assessed in 5G antenna design, including their interactions. Further physical/environmental considerations for both the antenna and the entire system. In the ...

The National Institute of Information and Communications Technology has successfully developed a highly efficient optical modulator using organic electro-optic polymer (hereinafter referred to as EO ...

Via drilling is a critical process in printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, where small holes, known as vias, are created to establish electrical connections between different layers of the board ...

Custom RF and microwave solutions deliver high performance, reliability, and durability for defense applications, supporting advanced systems across airborne, maritime, and ground environments up to ...