Symbolic dynamics is a branch of mathematics that investigates sequences of symbols governed by discrete dynamical rules, serving as a bridge between the study of dynamical systems and abstract ...

Weighted automata extend classical finite automata by assigning weights, typically drawn from algebraic structures such as semirings, to transitions. This quantitative enhancement enables the analysis ...

Regular expressions. Closure properties. Sequential machines and finite state transducers. State minimization. Chomsky hierarchy grammars, pushdown acceptors and linear bounded automata. Closure ...